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Dr Łukasz Węgrzynowski
ORCID: 0000-0002-7567-3758

PhD, LL.D., attorney at law, head of the Chair of Com­mercial Law at the European School of Law and Ad­ministration in Warsaw, lecturer at the Warsaw Bar As­sociation and National School of Judiciary and Public Prosecution. A lawyer with many years of experience in dispute resolution, an author of more than two hundred research papers.

 
Sanction of gratuitous loan as a sanction under Directive 2008/48, s. 53-61
DOI: 10.33226/0137-5490.2026.8.7
JEL: K12, D18
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Sanction of gratuitous loan as a sanction under Directive 2008/48

Sanction of gratuitous loan transposes EU law into the Polish legal system. This has a number of legal consequences, as it means that national law is saturated with content derived indirectly from EU law. The aim of this publication is to assess whether the sanction of gratuitous loan meets the criteria for a sanction from the perspective of Article 23 of Directive 2008/48. In addition, it discusses other difficulties associated with the application of the sanction of gratuitous loan, arising in particular from the proportionality of the sanction.

Keywords: sanction; Directive 2008/48; consumer; consumer protection; limitation