The structure of national intellectual capital — a review of selected approaches

Intellectual capital has achieved the status of the main determinant of the competitiveness of enterprises, and consequently also of entire economies. However, due to the abstractness, ambiguity and complexity of this category, individual authors define and divide it differently. The lack of a standard for understanding and classifying the national intellectual capital means that knowledge on this subject is fragmentary. The aim of this article is to review and systematize approaches to the categorization of the national intellectual capital and present the author's proposal for systematizing the capital structure and understanding its components.

Bibliografia/References

Andriessen, D., & Stam, C. (2005). Intellectual Capital of the European Union. Referat naukowy wygłoszony na: The 7-th McMaster World Congress on the Management of Intellectual Capital and Innovation, Haliton.

Andriessen, D., & Stam, C. (2009). Intellectual capital of the European Union 2008: Measuring the Lisbon Strategy for growth and jobs. Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(7), 489–500.

Bontis, N. (2004). National Intellectual Capital Index: A United Nations initiative for the Arab region. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 5(1), 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930410512905

Choong, K. K. (2008). Intellectual capital: Definitions, categorization and reporting models. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 9(4), 609–638. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930810913186

Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120.

Dean, A. i Kretschmer, M. (2007). Can ideas be capital? Factors of production in the post-industrial economy: A review and critique. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 573–594. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24351866

Edvinsson, L., & Lin C. (2008). National intellectual capital: Comparison of the Nordic countries. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(9), 525–545. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930810913140

Giuliani, M. (2015). Intellectual capital dynamics: Seeing them "in practice" through a temporal lens. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 45(1), 46–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/vine-09-2013-0050

Inkinen, H. (2015). Review of empirical research on intellectual capital and firm performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(3), 518–565. https://doi.org/10.1108/jic-01-2015-0002

Käpylä, J., Kujansivu, P., & Lönnqvist, A. (2012). National intellectual capital performance: A strategic approach. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 13(3), 343–362. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691931211248909

Kasiewicz, S. (2006). Zmiana warunków konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstw. W: S. Kasiewicz, W. Rogowski & M. Kicińska (Red.), Kapitał intelektualny. Spojrzenie z perspektywy interesariuszy (34–62). Oficyna Ekonomiczna.

Labra, R., & Sánchez, M. P. (2013). National intellectual capital assessment models a literature review. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 14(4), 582–607. https://doi.org/10.1108/jic-11-2012-0100

Lin, C., & Edvinsson, L. (2010). What national intellectual capital indices can tell about the global economic crisis of 2007–2009? Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(2), 253–266.

Lin, C., & Edvinsson, L. (2011). Background of national intellectual capital. W: C. Lin & L. Edvinsson (Red.) National intellectual capital. A comparison of 40 countries (7–16). Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7377-1_2

López, V. R .R., Nevado, D. P., & Alfaro J. L. N. (2010). Relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and hidden wealth over the period 2000–2008: An international study. The Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(3), 259–270.

López, V. R. R., Nevado, D. P., & Alfaro J. L. N. (2011). An alternative to measure national intellectual capital adapted from business level. African Journal of Business Management, 5(16), 6707–6716.

López, V. R. R., Nevado, D. P., & Alfaro, J. L. N. (2014). Economic growth and intangible capitals: Europe versus Asia. Panoeconomicus, 61(3), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.2298/pan1403261n

López, V. R. R., Nevado, D. P., Alfaro, J. L. N., Badea, L., Grigorescu, A., & Voinea, L. (2011). Measurement of national non-visible wealth through intellectual capital. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 3, 200–212.

Lubacha-Sember, J. (2013). High-Tech export from the V4 countries. Structure and factors. Entrepreneurail Business and Economics Review, 1(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.15678/eber.2013.010103

Maèerinskiene, I., & Aleknavièiute, R. (2014). Constructing a national intellectual capital concept, Knowledge Society, 7(2), 13–18.

Maèerinskiene, I., Maèerinskas, J., & Aleknavièiute, R. (2016). Change of national intellectual capital in EU Countries, Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 12(4), 65–75.

Malhotra, Y. (2003). Measuring knowledge assets of a nation: Knowledge system for development. Referat wygłoszony na: Ad hoc expert group meeting on knowledge systems for development, Nowy Jork.

Michalczuk, G., & Fiedorczuk, J. (2017). Macroeconomic perspective of intellectual capital — national intellectual capital (NIC). Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne, 5(89), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.15290/ose.2017.05.89.08

Michalczuk, G., & Fiedorczuk, J. (2018). National intellectual capital taxonomy. Economics and Business, 32, 89–101. https://doi.org/10.2478/eb-2018-0007

Michalczuk, G., Skrodzka, I., & Paszko, J. (2019). National intellectual capital in European Union countries in 2013–2017, European Research Studies Journal, 4, 115–125. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1501

Pasher, E., & Schachar, S. (2004). The intellectual capital of the state of Israel, our competitive advantage — the hidden values of the desert. Ministry of Industry, Trade & Labour. file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/TheIntellectualCapital114.pdf (dostęp: 12.09.2020).

Pasher, E., & Shachar, S. (2007). The intellectual capital of the state of Israel. 60 years of achievements. Ministry of Industry, Trade & Labour. http://economy.gov.il/RnD/Documents/intellectualcapital.pdf (16.08.2018).

Paszko, J. (2019). Koncepcja kapitału intelektualnego w teorii ekonomii. W: Z. Głodek & A. Kuciński (Red.), Rola kapitału w organizacji (141–153). Akademia im. Jakuba Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim.

Paszko, J. (2020). Intellectual capital of European Union countries (EU-28) — measurement concept. Optimum. Economic Studies, 101(3), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2020.03.101.09

Paszko, J. (2021). Terytorialne zróżnicowanie kapitału intelektualnego Unii Europejskiej. [Niepublikowana rozprawa doktorska]. Uniwersytet w Białymstoku.

Petty, R. M., & Cuganesan, S., Finch, N., & Ford, G. (2009). Intellectual capital and valuation: Challenges in the voluntary disclosure of value drivers. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1490208

Phusavat, K., Comepa, N., Sitko-Lutek, A., & Ooi. K.-B. (2012). Intellectual capital: Implementation for industrial competitiveness. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 112(6), 866–890. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571211238491

Radjenovic, T., & Krstic, B. (2017). Measuring intellectual capital of national economies. Ekonomika, 63(2), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika1702031r

Rószkiewicz, M., Węziak, D., & Wodecki, A. (2007). Kapitał intelektualny Lubelszczyzny — propozycja operacjonalizacji i pomiaru. Studia Regionalne i Lokalne, 2(28), 59–88.

Salonius, H., & Lönnqvist, A. (2012). Exploring the policy relevance of national intellectual capital information. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 13(3), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691931211248891

Sandhu, K. Y., Lodhi, S. A., & Memon, A. Z. (2011). A strategic tool for managing intellectual capital of Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Rewiev, 50(2), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.30541/v50i2pp.163-178

Schiuma, G., Lerro, A., & Carlluci, D. (2008). The knoware tree and the regional intellectual capital index. An Assessment within Italy. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 9(2), 283–300. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930810870346

Seleim, A., & Bontis, N. (2013). National intellectual capital and economic performance: Empirical evidence from developing countries. Knowledge and Process Management, 20(3), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1412

Skrodzka, I. (2018). National intellectual capital and smart growth of EU countries. Referat wygłoszony na: 19 European conference on knowledge management (ECKM 2018), Padwa.

Stahle, P., & Bounfour, A. (2008). Understanding dynamics of intellectual capital of nations. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2(9), 164–177. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930810870283

Stahle, P., Stahle, S., & Lin C. (2015). Intangibles and national economic wealth — a new perspective on how they are linked. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(1), 20–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/jic-02-2014-0017

Stankiewicz, E. (2016). Kapitał społeczny w perspektywie interdyscyplinarnej. Kwartalnik Prawo — Społeczeństwo — Ekonomia, 4, 44–65.

Thi Mai Anh, N., Hui, L., Khoa, V., & Mehmood, S. (2019). Relational capital and supply chain collaboration for radical and incremental innovation. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 31(4), 1076–1094. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjml-10-2018-0423

Tsouli, D., & Elabbadi, B. (2017). Intellectual capital of Africa: Comparison of the five most competitive countries. Global Journal of Management and Business Research. B Economics and Commerce, 8(2), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.5296/ber.v8i2.12835

Užiene, L. (2014). National intellectual capital as an indicator of the wealth of nations: The case of the Baltic States. Procedia — Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, 376–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.206

Węziak, D. (2007). Measurement of national intellectual capital: Application to EU countries. IRISS Working Paper.

Węziak-Białowolska, D. (2010). Model kapitału intelektualnego regionu. Koncepcja pomiaru i jej zastosowanie. Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie.

Zespół Doradców Strategicznych Prezesa Rady Ministrów. (2008). Raport o kapitale intelektualnym Polski. http://kramarz.pl/Raport_2008_Kapital_Intelektualny_Polski.pdf (dostęp: 21.10.2021).