The subject of this study is to discuss the doubts regarding the compliance of the shape of the provisions regulating the amount and basis of the so-called health "contributions" as a special form of public tribute with selected constitutional standards. In particular, this concerns the charging a "contribution", without any restrictions, on incomes from all insurance titles (the principle of universality of the contribution) in the context of the principle of social solidarity (Article 2 of the Constitution). The universality of the "contribution" will also be discussed against the limitations of the statutory guarantee, both in the context of Art. 47 (individual autonomy), as well as in the light of the principle of proportionality (Article 31(3) of the Constitution) and the prohibition of violating the essence of the right to property (Article 64(3) of the Constitution). In addition, doubts will be presented regarding]g the differentiation of the "contribution" assessment base for different groups of insured persons and the differentiation of the "contribution" rate for entrepreneurs depending on their tax status in the context of Art. 32 section 1 in connection with Art. 68 section 2, art. 84 and art. 2 of the Constitution.

The subject of this paper is a discussion of the provisions of the Act on Support Benefit, which introduces into the Polish legal system a new, universal system of cash benefits intended to partially compensate for the effects of the social risk specified in the Act as the "need for support". Author discusses the conditions for acquiring the right to a support benefit, including the procedure for determining the need for support and its level, critically assessing the requirement for the beneficiary to reside in the territory of the Republic of Poland, and. He also polemically refers to the adopted structure of the support system for individuals and families according the need for long term care, in particular the rationality of differentiating – depending on the age of the person requiring support – of the type of benefits, the conditions for acquiring them and their amount.

Abstract In the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court the requirement has been formulated, to precede the withdrawal of the A1 certificate by ZUS with an agreement on retrospective inclusion in the applicable legislation. In this context in the paper it was discussed the procedure for withdrawing the A1 certificate, as well as the question of concluding an agreement by the institutions concerned on the applicable legislation and the retroactive inclusion of a posted employee, for whom the A1 certificate has been withdrawn, into the competent system. Against this background, the problem of protecting a posted employee against the effects of retrospective verification of legislation in the situation of no discrepancies concerning the applicable legislation, and consequently no need to conclude an appropriate agreement, will also be presented.

The subject of the study is a discussion of the arguments cited by the German federal labor court (BAG) in the judgment of December 1 st 2020, 9 AZR 102/20, to justify the thesis that an incentive system can be considered an instrument of the employer's management confirming the existence of an employment relationship, in the light of the statements of the German speaking literature, and an assessment of the impact of this judgment on the qualification of the legal status of persons working through the online crowdworkers platform.

The subject of this paper is to discuss the issue of the right of war refugees from Ukraine to healthcare services, both on the basis of a special regulation of the act on assistance to Ukrainian citizens in connection with an armed conflict in the territory of that state and the act on granting protection to foreigners in the territory of the Republic of Poland. The analysis will cover the subjective and objective scope of healthcare provided for refugees from Ukraine, as well as the organization and financing of the services provided to them.

The subject of this paper is the judgment of the German Federal Labour Court (BAG) of June 25, 2021, 5 AZR 505/20, in which it was indicated that the caregiver — a foreigner posted to Germany to work in the household of a dependent person, has the right to wages of at least the minimum wage, not only for working time, but also for the period of on-call time. The author discusses the effects of the judgment regarding the legal situation of informal carers from Eastern European countries, as well as the organizational and financial possibilities of providing dependent people with proper care (also around the clock) at home.

The subject of this paper is the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union from 29 October 2020 in case C-243/19. There are two important issues discussed: 1) if the patient's religious beliefs might be a reason for granting the prior authorization accordingto articles: 20(2) of Regulation No. 883/2004 and 8(5) and (6)(d) of Directive 2011/24, 2) the difference between the rules of the reimbursement of costs of cross-board healthcare set in the Regulation No. 883/2004 and in the Directive 2011/24.

The aim of the article is to discuss the issues related to the payer's claims for the return of part of the contribution charged to an insured. Based on the achievements of the Polish, German and Austrian jurisprudence and doctrine it will be shown the possibilities of the payer's claims for reimbursement of social security contributions paid by the payer from his funds in the part that should be financed from the insured's funds in the cases of a posterior statement, that the insured person working under a civil law contract was employed on the basis of an labour employment relationship, or that the insured's selfemployment was of a bogus nature.

The subject of this study is to present selected issues concerning the constructing of the service system covering the risk of the need of long-term care. Author discusses the questions of: defining the risk of the need of long-term care seen in the context of demographic situation, scope and character of the system services and as well as its organization and financing.

Due to the observed and forecasted demographic changes, the author formulates the thesis according to which dependent people's housing communities, being an alternative to institutional care, could be helpful in solving the demographically conditioned problem of insufficient access to informal long-term care. This thesis is developed by presenting the instruments adopted in German nursing insurance aimed at supporting the creation and functioning of dependent people's housing communities. Against this background there will be critical analyzed the regulation concerning the creation and functioning of family welfare home as a special form of care and living services regulated in Polish social assistance law, which could form the basis for creating dependent people's housing communities.

The aim of the article is to define the concept of telemedicine and determine the admissibility of remote providing of the healthcare services in the light of the regulations concerning the practice of the medical professions and the conducting of the medical activity. The analysis will also cover the issue of admissibility of financing of the healthcare services fulfilled in the form of telemedicine from the public funds, either in an EU cross-border context.