The aim of this paper is to identify risk factors and challenges highlighted in the scientific literature related to logistics and fuel supply chains. A critical literature review was employed as the research method, supplemented with references to the situation in the Polish fuel market. Adding the Polish context allows for an extension of the analysis to include conditions and practices specific to Poland, which are less frequently represented in international scientific publications. The review revealed that challenges for fuel logistics fall into various categories of contemporary world problems such as environmental protection (CO2 emissions, ecosystem contamination), social responsibility, and transport efficiency and safety (route planning, operational transparency). Digital technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, offer solutions to many of these problems. They enable monitoring, information exchange, security assurance, and improvement of efficiency in supply chains. Several remedial measures relate to legislation and changes in management practices, such as the decentralization of logistics, the Lean Supply Chain Management (SCM) strategy, and decision support systems. Challenges for fuel logistics extend their impact beyond the operational and functional zones of enterprises, often relating to extended supply chains and the entire macro-environment.